A simple understanding on the part with the nano-emulsifying agent also needs to be addressed. The mixing of oil (e.g., bitumen) and water is accomplished through the addition of a chemical nano-particle (the emulsifying agent, soap or surfactant) at high shear (e.g., high mix revolutions), which forces the oil and water with each other using the emulsifying agent by way of little openings or in between plates, which enables the bitumen (oil) particles to be separated and mixed and attached towards the emulsifying agent already mixed and attached to the water molecules. The emulsifying agent normally includes a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a lipophilic (oil-loving) (hydrophobic) tail consisting of among 12 and 18 (or perhaps more) carbon atoms [17]. The chemical composition of standard emulsifying agents is shown in Figure 1 (anionic) and Figure two (cationic). The hydrocarbon tail of your emulsifying agents is normally replaced in chemical formulas by the letter “R”. The higher the amount of carbon atoms within the hydrocarbon tail, the additional firmly the emulsifying agent will attach to the organic stabilising agent (e.g., bitumen molecule). The hydrocarbon tail embeds itself in to the bitumen molecule. In comparison, when the earth resembles the size of a bitumen particle, the hydrocarbon tail of a very good emulsifying agent (higher variety of carbon atoms) will commonly penetrate the crust from the earth to a depth of around 8 km (Resazurin site equivalent to approximately five nm within a bitumen molecule) and covers an area of about ten km2 [25].Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER Review Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW6 of6 of 28 6 ofFigure 1. Standard composition Figure 1. Typical composition of ancomposition of an anionic emulsifying agent. Figure 1. Standard anionic emulsifying agent. of an anionic emulsifying agent.. .Figure 2. Typical Figure 2. Common a cationic emulsifying agent. composition of composition of a cationic emulsifying agent.Figure two. Common composition of a cationic emulsifying agent.The visual representation of your anionic emulsifying agent shown in Figure two is expressed in chemical formulation as follows [24,25]:Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,an location of approximately ten km [25]. (highsembles sizesize of atoms) will particle, hydrocarbon tail tail of a very good emulsifying agent variety of of a bitumen particle, the penetrate the crust from the earth to a depth of sembles the thecarbon a bitumen typicallythe hydrocarbon of a good emulsifying agent The visualof carbon atoms)to around 5 nm inside a bitumen molecule) anddepth of roughly 8 representation of thetypically emulsifying agent shownearth to a to a depth of (high quantity km (equivalent willwill typically penetrate crust on the the Figure 2 is ex(high variety of carbon atoms) anionic penetrate the the crust of in earth covers pressed in chemical8formulation[25].to about 5 inside a in a bitumen molecule) and covers an region of around (equivalent around 8 km (equivalent to approximately 5 nm nm bitumen molecule) and covers roughly km 10 km2 as follows [24,25]: an areaarea of approximatelykm2km2 anionic emulsifying agent shown in Figure 2 is exan visual representation of [25]. The of about ten 10 the [25]. CH3(CH2)nCOO- Na (exactly where n is ordinarily a multiplier involving 12 and 18 [17]: pressed in visual representation from the anionic emulsifying agent shown in Figure 2 7 of 25 Isoquercitrin manufacturer exchemical representation from the [24,25]: TheThe visualformulation as followsanionic emulsifying agent.