E ability to peer via optically thin clouds to reveal sea ice, along with the detection of oceanic currents, and so on. Even though these studies demonstrated a complete possible for night-time low-light measurements, quantitative assessment continues to be required. Ways to quantitatively assess the prospective of moonlight remote sensing requires a thorough investigation and more concerns should be addressed. At the moment, there exist lots of different satellite sensors, as pointed out above, with various qualities in terms of spectra and spatial resolutions. In addition, drones, as a brand new near-ground remotesensing platform, also have great Nisoldipine-d6 Purity & Documentation potential to study changes in lighting at evening [14]. These sensors haven’t been discussed for Earth observation below moonlight, hence, it can be of excellent significance to analyze and compare them within the context of radiometric correction of nightlight remote sensing data and for the style of next generation night-time sensors. One more critical query would be the quantitative characterization of non-self-lighting objects beneath night-time low-light environments, thinking about that there is no rigorous quantitative evaluation to date, for instance land cover classification below moonlight lighting situations. We 1st evaluate the variations in night-time observations under moonlight working with unique sensors, the mono-spectral VIIRS/DNB night-time image, the multi-spectral nighttime pictures taken by astronauts from the Linoleoyl glycine MedChemExpress International Space Station, and UAVs. We then discover the potential of nightlight remote sensing via land cover classification below night-time low-light conditions, having a particular focus on detecting non-self-lighting options at evening. Lastly, we propose a brand new notion of nightlight remote sensing–moonlight remote sensing, which makes use of moonlight as a stable lighting supply to observe the Earth’s surface, and which focuses on night-time remote sensing mechanisms and applications under lunar illumination. With these distinct characteristics, moonlight remote sensing is various than standard nightlight remote sensing, also as from daytime optical remote sensing. two. Study Area and Data The potentiality of moonlight remote sensing in this study was evaluated employing two ISS multi-spectral moonlight pictures, acquired on 24 December 2010 and 28 November 2015; UAV moonlight imagery acquired on 20 June 2021; and VIIRS/DNB imagery acquired on 1 November 2015 (with a full moon). These photos with different spatial and spectral resolutions covered three regions, Calgary in Canada, Komsomolsk-on-Amur in Russia, as well as a small portion of your Guangming District, in Shenzhen, China. The Calgary photos cover a land location of about 825.56 km2 , located inside the south of Alberta, Canada. Calgary would be the fourth biggest city in Canada and is one of the most livable cities in North America in each 2018 and 2019 and has higher living requirements. This area includes a temperate continental climate, warm in summer season, cold and dry in winter, and with four distinctive seasons [35,36]. Komsomolsk-on-Amur can be a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, situated on the west bank with the Amur River inside the Russian Far East, characterized by a humid continental climate. There is a extended period of snow and ice coverage due to the high latitude [37]. The Guangming District, a lately created area in Shenzhen, has been planned as theRemote Sens. 2021, 13,four ofShenzhen Science City in current years and is one of the core locations for the construction of a extensive national sc.