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^^Brain Sci. 2013, three, 415-459; doi:10.3390brainsciOPEN ACCESSbrain sciencesISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.comjournalbrainsci ArticleCompensating for Language Deficits in Amnesia II: H.M.’s Spared versus Impaired Encoding CategoriesDonald G. MacKay , Laura W. Johnson and Chris Hadley Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails: laurajohnsonucla.edu (L.W.J.); cdhadleygmail.com (C.H.) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mackayucla.edu; Tel.: +1-310-825-8465; Fax: +1-310-206-5895. Received: 20 December 2012; in revised kind: 17 March 2013 Accepted: 19 March 2013 Published: 27 MarchAbstract: Even though amnesic H.M. ordinarily couldn’t recall where or when he met someone, he could recall their subjects of conversation Chebulinic acid web following long interference-filled delays, suggesting impaired encoding for some categories of novel events but not other folks. Similarly, H.M. successfully encoded into internal representations (sentence plans) some novel linguistic structures but not other people in the present language production studies. One example is, around the Test of Language Competence (TLC), H.M. created uncorrected errors when encoding a wide selection of novel linguistic structures, e.g., violating reliably additional gender constraints than memory-normal controls when encoding referent-noun, pronoun-antecedent, and referent-pronoun anaphora, as when he erroneously and with out correction applied PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338877 the gender-inappropriate pronoun “her” to refer to a man. In contrast, H.M. by no means violated corresponding referent-gender constraints for suitable names, suggesting that his mechanisms for encoding proper name gender-agreement were intact. However, H.M. produced no extra dysfluencies, off-topic comments, false starts, neologisms, or word and phonological sequencing errors than controls on the TLC. Present final results suggest that: (a) frontal mechanisms for retrieving and sequencing word, phrase, and phonological categories are intact in H.M., in contrast to in category-specific aphasia; (b) encoding mechanisms inside the hippocampal area are category-specific in lieu of item-specific, applying to, e.g., proper names rather than words; (c) H.M.’s category-specific mechanisms for encoding referents into words, phrases, and propositions are impaired, with all the exception of referent gender, individual, and quantity for encoding correct names; and (d) H.M. overuses his intact right name encoding mechanisms to compensate for his impaired mechanisms for encoding other functionally equivalent linguistic details.Brain Sci. 2013, three Key phrases: amnesic H.M.; encoding versus retrieval errors; sentence preparing; spared encoding categories; language deficits in amnesia; compensation tactics in amnesia1. Introduction “There are, behind the expressed sequences of behavior, a multiplicity of integrative 
processes which can only be inferred from the final benefits of their activity” (Lashley [1], p. 115). This quote outlines the f.