The developed nano-MOF@polymer-based SPE-CE-UV method was systematically compared with other state-of-the-art on-line automated techniques for fluoroquinolone (FQ) analysis reported in the literature. This comparison focused on key performance indicators including detection sensitivity, sample volume requirements, sorbent amount, instrumentation complexity, and matrix compatibility, highlighting the unique advantages of the proposed approach.
Among the reviewed methods, only a few utilized nano-MOF materials as sorbents. Notably, Pang et al. employed a layer-by-layer MOF@polymer in an on-line SPE-HPLC system with fluorescence detection, but required multiple valves, pumps, and 15 synthesis cycles to achieve comparable LODs—far more than the four cycles used here. In contrast, the current method achieved similar or better sensitivity using a simpler setup with no valves and minimal reagent consumption. The use of accessible UV detection instead of expensive mass spectrometry further enhances its practicality and accessibility.
In terms of detection limits, the developed method achieved an LOD of 0.03 µg L⁻¹ (down to 1 ng L⁻¹ under extended loading), outperforming most reported techniques. While some MS/MS-based methods achieved lower LODs (e.g., 0.14–1.1 ng L⁻¹), they relied on costly instrumentation and complex workflows. The current method’s LOD is comparable to those obtained with fluorescence detection—widely recognized for high sensitivity in FQ analysis—yet it uses standard UV detection, making it more cost-effective and widely adoptable.IGFBP2 Antibody manufacturer
Sample volume requirements were another critical differentiator. Most existing methods required volumes exceeding 1 mL (e.g., 1.6–25 mL), which is impractical for limited samples such as biological fluids. In contrast, this study utilized only 60–180 µL of sample, enabling trace analysis from small-volume specimens without dilution or overloading. This feature is particularly valuable for clinical and environmental monitoring where sample availability is constrained.
The amount of sorbent used was also significantly reduced: just 100 µg of nano-MOF@polymer per microcartridge, compared to tens to hundreds of milligrams in other systems. This reflects the high efficiency of the hybrid material, where nanoscale MOF domains maximize surface-to-volume ratio and extraction capacity. Additionally, the fritless design eliminated the need for filtration membranes, reducing clogging risks and simplifying cartridge fabrication.
Instrumentation complexity was minimized: the system operated without valves, relying solely on pressure-driven flow and capillary electrophoresis separation.PYCARD Antibody Autophagy This contrasts sharply with multi-valve setups in SPE-LC-MS/MS or FSPE-chip-QQQ-MS systems, which require sophisticated control software and maintenance.PMID:34718992 The simplicity of the setup enhances reproducibility and reduces operational barriers.
Recovery values across all matrices ranged from 92% to 119%, comparable to or better than many published results (70–125%), with low variability (RSD < 14%). Matrix effects were negligible, indicating strong resistance to interference despite the complexity of real samples. Overall, the nano-MOF@polymer-SPE-CE-UV method stands out as a highly efficient, sensitive, user-friendly, and cost-effective alternative. It combines the advantages of nano-MOFs—high surface area, tunable selectivity—with the simplicity and robustness of on-line SPE-CE. Its ability to deliver ultra-trace detection with minimal sample and reagent use, no valves, and accessible detection makes it a compelling choice for routine and field applications in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food safety monitoring.MedChemExpress (MCE) offers a wide range of high-quality research chemicals and biochemicals (novel life-science reagents, reference compounds and natural compounds) for scientific use. We have professionally experienced and friendly staff to meet your needs. We are a competent and trustworthy partner for your research and scientific projects.Related websites: https://www.medchemexpress.com